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Description 2: CRETACEOUS-TRIASSIC (Mesozoic)

                                                         Description 2 

 

 

 

   

  

  

Description (D.2)

 

 Supereon

 

-------------

 

 

     Eon

 

Phanerozoic

 

   Era

 

Mesozoic

 

   Period

 

Cretaceous

 

Epoch

 

Late

 

 

 

 

 

 

Early

 

 

 

       Age

 

- Maastrichtian

- Campanian

- Santonian

- Coniacian

- Turonian

- Cenomanian

 

- Albian

- Aptian

- Barremian

- Hauterivian

- Valanginian

- Berriasian

Start, Ma ago

 

70.6 ± 0.6

83.5 ± 0.7

85.8 ± 0.7

89.3 ± 1.0

93.5 ± 0.8

99.6 ± 0.9

 

112.0 ± 1.0

125.0 ± 1.0

130.0 ± 1.5

136.4 ± 2.0

140.2 ± 3.0

145.5 ± 4.0

 

 

Major events

 

Flowering plants proliferate, along with new types of insects. More modern teleost fish begin to appear. Ammonites, belemnites, rudist bivalves, echinoids and sponges all common. Many new types of dinosaurs (e.g. Tyrannosaurs, Titanosaurs, duck bills, and horned dinosaurs) evolve on land, as do Eusuchia (modern crocodilians); and mosasaurs and modern sharks appear in the sea. Primitive birds gradually replace pterosaurs. Monotremes, marsupials and placental mammals appear. Break up of Gondwana. Beginning of Laramide and Sevier Orogenies of the Rocky Mountains. Atmospheric CO2 close to present-day levels.

 

 

 

 

Description (D.2)

 

 Supereon

 

 -----------

      Eon

 

Phanerozoic

 

    Era

 

Mesozoic

 Period

 

Jurassic

 

Epoch

 

  Late

 

 

 

Middle

 

 

 

 

  Early

     Age

 

- Tithonian

- Kimmeridgian

- Oxfordian

 

- Callovian

- Bathonian

- Bajocian

- Aalenian

 

- Toarcian

- Pliensbachian

- Sinemurian

- Hettangian

 

 Start, Ma ago

 

-  150.8 ± 4.0

-  155.7 ± 4.0

-  161.2 ± 4.0

 

-  164.7 ± 4.0

-  167.7 ± 3.5

-  171.6 ± 3.0

-  175.6 ± 2.0

 

-  183.0 ± 1.5

-  189.6 ± 1.5

-  196.5 ± 1.0

-  199.6 ± 0.6

 

 

Major events

 

Gymnosperms (especially conifers, Bennettitales and cycads) and ferns common. Many types of dinosaurs, such as sauropods, carnosaurs, and stegosaurs. Mammals common but small. First birds and lizards. Ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs diverse. Bivalves, Ammonites and belemnites abundant. Sea urchins very common, along with crinoids, starfish, sponges, and terebratulid and rhynchonellid brachiopods. Breakup of Pangaea into Gondwana and Laurasia. Nevadan orogeny in North America. Rantigata and Cimmerian Orogenies taper off. Atmospheric CO2 levels 4–5 times the present day levels (1200–1500 ppmv, compared to today's 385 ppmv).

 

 

 

 

Description (D.2)

 

 Supereon

 

 -----------

     Eon

 

Phanerozoic

    Era

 

Mesozoic

 

 Period

 

Triassic

Epoch

 

Late

 

 

 

Middle

 

 

Early

    Age

 

- Rhaetian

- Norian

- Carnian

 

- Ladinian

- Anisian

 

- Olenekian

- Induan

 

 Start, Ma ago

 

-  203.6 ± 1.5

-  216.5 ± 2.0

-  228.0 ± 2.0

 

-  237.0 ± 2.0

-  245.0 ± 1.5

 

-  249.7 ± 1.5

-  251.0 ± 0.7

 

 

Major events

 

Archosaurs dominant on land as dinosaurs, in the oceans as Ichthyosaurs and nothosaurs, and in the air as pterosaurs. Cynodonts become smaller and more mammal-like, while first mammals and crocodilia appear. Dicroidium flora common on land. Many large aquatic temnospondyl amphibians. Ceratitic ammonoids extremely common. Modern corals and teleost fish appear, as do many modern insect clades. Andean Orogeny in South America. Cimmerian Orogeny in Asia. Rangitata Orogeny begins in New Zealand. Hunter-Bowen Orogeny in Northern Australia, Queensland and New South Wales ends, (c. 260–225 Ma)

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